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Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Ndonga (R.20) (Ethnologue)
Also called: Cuanhama, Humba, Kuanyama, Kwancama, Kwanjama, Ochikwanyama, Otjiwambo, Ovambo, Owambo, Oxikuanyama
According to Ethnologue, Kwanyama is intelligible with Ndonga and Kwambi, so information on these two tongues is also included here.
According to an article in Wikipedia: "Kwanyama or Oshikwanyama ... is a standardized dialect of the Oshiwambo language, and is mutually intelligible with Ndonga..."[Oshindonga]
South central Angola and Northern Okavangoland in Namibia.
According to information compiled from Ethnologue:
Kwanyama, Ndonga, and Kwambi are interintelligible. Two other tongues are related and have the same classification (see #1 above): Ngandyera and Mbalanhu
Wikipedia articles mention Kwanyama and Ndonga as dialects of Oshiwambo.
"Seven different dialects of Oshiwambo are spoken in Namibia: Oshikwanyama, Oshindonga, Oshikolonkadhi, Oshimbalantu, Oshikwaluudhi, Oshingandjera, and Oshikwambi." (SchoolNet.na)
According to Ethnologue, Kwanyama is a national language in both Angola and Namibia.
Literacy among Kwanyama speakers in Namibia (Ethnologue):
Literacy among Ndonga speakers in Angola and Namibia (Ethnologue):
Uses Latin alphabet. Ntondo has comments on the orthographies in Angola and Namibia.
Kwanyama and Ndonga have standard written forms. Apparently these are the only Oshiwambo tongues with written forms (Wikipedia; SchoolNet.na)
From learners' materials mentioned in 7c, it appears that Kwanyama, at least, uses a basic Latin alphabet (i.e., no extended characters). [verify? and Ndonga?]
Sample texts are shown on the "Language Museum" site as follows (these may or may not reflect current standards and use):
Apparently a standard basic Latin (ASCII) font will suffice.
Learners' materials:
Wikipedia in Kwanyama (no content as of 10-2006) http://kj.wikipedia.org/
None known of.
Kuanyama; Kwanyama
Ndonga
Kwambi
Should locale & localisation focus on Kwanyama and Ndonga separately or, for some purposes, together? It is not clear if there are significant dialect differences within the language or relating to different influences from English and Portuguese. Questions:
Ntondo, Zavoni. 1998. "The Sociolinguistic Situation of Oshikwanyama in Angola." In K. Legère, ed. Cross-border languages : reports and studies, Regional Workshop on Cross-Border Languages, National Institute for Educational Development (NIED), Okahandja, 23-27 September 1996. Windhoek : Gamsberg Macmillan.
SchoolNet.na, "Te ti! A beginner's guide to Oshindonga," (Chapter 12, mOshiwambo!), http://www.schoolnet.na/languages/teti/moshiwambo.html
SIL International, Ethnologue: Languages of the World, "Kwambi," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kwm
______, "Kwanyama," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kua
______, "Language Family Trees: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Ndonga (R.20)," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90328
______, "Ndonga," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ndo
SIL International, "ISO 639 Code Tables," http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp
U.S. Library of Congress, "ISO 639.2: Codes for the Representation of Names of Languages: Alpha-3 codes arranged alphabetically by the English name of language," http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/English_list.php
Wikipedia, "Kwanyama," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanyama
______, "Ndonga," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndonga
See Oshiwambo
Literacy among Ndonga speakers in Angola and Namibia (Ethnologue):
According to Ethnologue:
According to information compiled from Ethnologue:
Sample texts are shown on the "Language Museum" site for:
Sample texts are shown on the "Language Museum" site as follows (these may or may not reflect current standards and use):
Locale & localisation probably could focus on Kwanyama. But Ndonga has a written form too. It is not clear if there are significant dialect differences within the language or relating to different influences from English and Portuguese. Questions:
Should locale & localisation focus on Kwanyama and Ndonga separately or, for some purposes, together? It is not clear if there are significant dialect differences within the language or relating to different influences from English and Portuguese. Questions:
SIL International, Ethnologue: Languages of the World, "Kwanyama," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kua
SIL International, Ethnologue: Languages of the World, "Kwambi," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kwm
______, "Kwanyama," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kua
______, "Language Family Trees: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Ndonga (R.20)," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90328
______, "Ndonga," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ndo
Kwambi
Kwambi
U.S. Library of Congress, "ISO 639.2," http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/englangn.html
U.S. Library of Congress, "ISO 639.2: Codes for the Representation of Names of Languages: Alpha-3 codes arranged alphabetically by the English name of language," http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/English_list.php
Sample texts are shown on the "Language Museum" site for:
"Seven different dialects of Oshiwambo are spoken in Namibia: Oshikwanyama, Oshindonga, Oshikolonkadhi, Oshimbalantu, Oshikwaluudhi, Oshingandjera, and Oshikwambi." (SchoolNet.na)
Kwanyama and Ndonga have standard written forms (Wikipedia)
Kwanyama and Ndonga have standard written forms. Apparently these are the only Oshiwambo tongues with written forms (Wikipedia; SchoolNet.na)
Apparently a standa
Apparently a standard basic Latin (ASCII) font will suffice.
Wikipedia in Kwanyama (no content as of 10-2006) http://kj.wikipedia.org/
SchoolNet.na, "Te ti! A beginner's guide to Oshindonga," (Chapter 12, mOshiwambo!), http://www.schoolnet.na/languages/teti/moshiwambo.html
From learners' materials mentioned in 7c, it appears that Kwanyama, at least, uses a basic Latin alphabet (i.e., no extended characters). [verify? and Ndonga?]
Apparently a standa
According to an article in Wikipedia: Kwanyama or Oshikwanyama ... is a standardized dialect of the Oshiwambo language, and is mutually intelligible with Ndonga...
According to an article in Wikipedia: "Kwanyama or Oshikwanyama ... is a standardized dialect of the Oshiwambo language, and is mutually intelligible with Ndonga..."[Oshindonga]
None known of.
Locale & localisation probably could focus on Kwanyama. But Ndonga has a written form too. It is not clear if there are significant dialect differences within the language or relating to different influences from English and Portuguese.
Questions:
Locale & localisation probably could focus on Kwanyama. But Ndonga has a written form too. It is not clear if there are significant dialect differences within the language or relating to different influences from English and Portuguese. Questions:
______, "Ndonga," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndonga
______, "Ndonga," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndonga
According to an article in Wikipedia: Kwanyama or Oshikwanyama ... is a standardized dialect of the Oshiwambo language, and is mutually intelligible with Ndonga...
Wikipedia articles mention Kwanyama and Ndonga as dialects of Oshiwambo.
Kwanyama and Ndonga have standard written forms (Wikipedia)
Learners' materials:
Locale & localisation probably could focus on Kwanyama. It is not clear if there are significant dialect differences within the language or relating to different influences from English and Portuguese.
Locale & localisation probably could focus on Kwanyama. But Ndonga has a written form too. It is not clear if there are significant dialect differences within the language or relating to different influences from English and Portuguese.
Questions:
Wikipedia, "Kwanyama," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanyama
______, "Ndonga," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndonga
Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Ndonga (R.20) (Ethnologue)
Also called: Cuanhama, Humba, Kuanyama, Kwancama, Kwanjama, Ochikwanyama, Otjiwambo, Ovambo, Owambo, Oxikuanyama
According to Ethnologue, Kwanyama is intelligible with Ndonga and Kwambi, so information on these two tongues is also included here.
According to Ethnologue:
Kwanyama, Ndonga, and Kwambi are interintelligible. Two other tongues are related and have the same classification (see #1 above): Ngandyera and Mbalanhu
According to Ethnologue, Kwanyama is a national language in both Angola and Namibia.
Literacy among Kwanyama speakers in Namibia (Ethnologue):
Uses Latin alphabet. Ntondo has comments on the orthographies in Angola and Namibia.
Kuanyama; Kwanyama
Kwambi
Ndonga
Locale & localisation probably could focus on Kwanyama. It is not clear if there are significant dialect differences within the language or relating to different influences from English and Portuguese.
SIL International, Ethnologue: Languages of the World, "Kwanyama," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kua
SIL International, "ISO 639 Code Tables," http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp
U.S. Library of Congress, "ISO 639.2," http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/englangn.html
Ntondo, Zavoni. 1998. "The Sociolinguistic Situation of Oshikwanyama in Angola." In K. Legère, ed. Cross-border languages : reports and studies, Regional Workshop on Cross-Border Languages, National Institute for Educational Development (NIED), Okahandja, 23-27 September 1996. Windhoek : Gamsberg Macmillan.
