From PanAfriL10n

PanAfrLoc: Ganda

Ganda - Luganda - oluGanda

1. Classification / Classification

Ganda (oluGanda, Luganda) belongs to the Nyoro-Ganda family of Bantu (Guthrie E15) (Webbook)

Ethnologue gives the classification as: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Nyoro-Ganda (J.10)

Soga (Lusoga, Olusoga), Kenyi (Lukenyi), and Gwere (Lugwere, Olugwere) are among other languages that are closely related (same classification).

2. Where Spoken / Localisation géographique

It is spoken north of the northwestern shore of Lake Victoria in Buganda Province, Uganda. (Webbook)

3. Number of Speakers / Nombre de locuteurs

According to information compiled from Ethnologue:

• Luganda
  • 3,015,980 (1991 census)
  • 1,000,000 second-language speakers (1999 WA)
• Others:
  • Gwere: 275,608 (1991 census)
  • Kenyi: 390,115
  • Ruli: 68,010 (1991 census)
  • Soga: 1,370,845 (1991 census)

4. Dialect Survey / Enquête de dialecte

According to information compiled from Ethnologue:

• Luganda (Lexical similarity 71% to 86% with Soga, 68% with Gwere)
  • Kooki (Olukooki) (The Kooki dialect may be extinct)
  • Sese (Olusese)
  • Luvuma
  • Ludiopa
  • (Luvuma, Ludiope may be dialects)
• Gwere (Lexical similarity 68% with Ganda, 64% with Soga)
• Kenyi (Lexical similarity 81% with Soga, 71% to 86% with Ganda, 64% with Gwere, 58% with Saamia)
• Soga (Lexical similarity 81% with Kenyi, 71% to 86% with Ganda, 64% with Gwere, 58% with Saamia ... Politically distinct from Ganda)
  • Tenga (Lutenga) (Lexical similarity 82% with Ganda)
  • Lamogi (Lulamogi) (79% to 82% lexical similarity with Tenga, ... 88% with Soga, 82% with Gwere)
  • Gabula (Lugabula)
• (Lusiki is apparently extinct)

Ruruli seems to be between Ganda and Runyakitara

• Ruli (Lexical similarity 79% between Eastern and Western Ruli, 71% with Nyoro (closest)
  • Eastern Ruli / Nakasongola (influenced by Ganda / lexical similarity 70% with Ganda)
  • Western Ruli / Kuyanoongo (influenced by Nyoro)

IDRC and CASAS (n.d.) did some research on interintelligibility of Luganda and Lusoga.

5. Usage / Utilisation

Ganda is a regional language in Uganda, the official vernacular language of education in many school districts, and a lingua franca. Broadcasts are heard in Uganda. The Roman Catholic Church of Uganda publishes Musizi in Luganda. (Webbook)

Language of wider communication. The most widely spoken second language in Uganda next to English. ... Used in primary schools. (Ethnologue)

6. Orthography / Orthographe

6.1 Status / Statut

A standardized Latin-based orthography for Ganda was devised in 1947. The present status of this orthography is unknown. (Webbook, with modification) [this needs updating!]

A brief discussion entitled "Elements of Luganda Orthography" has some information at http://www.buganda.com/luganda.htm#elem . Note also the link to "Empandiika y'Oluganda Entongole" (Standard Orthography of Luganda, 1947) http://www.buganda.com/authogra.htm

6.2 Sample Alphabet / Alphabet exemple

Two versions are indicated in Wikipedia. The first includes an extended character "ŋ" and the second substitutes that with "'ng" since the former was not on typewriters or ASCII fonts:

1. a b c d e f g i j k l m n ny ŋ o p r s t u v w y z
2. a b c d e f g i j k l m n 'ng ny o p r s t u v w y z

As reported by Hartell (1993) and presented in Systèmes alphabétiques at http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono/AfficheTableauOrtho2N.php?choixLangue=luganda :

• a b ch d e f g i j k l m n ny ŋ o p s t u v w y z

Sample text on the "Language Museum" site: http://www.language-museum.com/g/ganda.htm

7. Use in ICT / Utilisation dans les TIC

7.1 Fonts / Polices

Most standard fonts will do. However if the ŋ (letter "eng") is used, a Unicode font would be necessary (fortunately this character is available in many fonts).

7.2 Keyboard layouts / Dispositions de clavier

7.3 Content on computers & internet / Contenu en informatique et sur l'Internet

a) General and educational web content

• EKIWANDIIKO EKY'ABANTU BONNA EKIFA KU DDEMBE LY'OBUNTO (Universal Declaration of Human Rights): http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/lap1.htm
• Wikipedia in Luganda at http://lg.wikipedia.org/ (it has a small amount of content as of 5-2007)
• Engeri Y'okuyiga N'obukodyo Bwakwo (Study Guides in Luganda) http://www.studygs.net/luganda/
• A Luganda text, audio and image manual is available at http://www.iwtc.org/luganda.html (from International Women's Tribune Centre, appears to be about computer use)

b) Development-related web content (apparently materials that can be printed)

• The Ugandan District Information Portal has a partly localised version of its site at http://www.dip.go.ug/luganda/ . It also has some PDF materials in Luganda:
  • Brochures
    • "Omulimu gw’amatendekero aganonyereza n’okusomesa eby’obulimi, mu kulwanyisa ebiwuka n’endwadde z’ebirime" (about research institutes) http://www.dip.go.ug/materials/luganda/Research_Institutions_Brochure_Luganda.pdf
    • "Okukola sumbusa ez’ebijanjalo" (bean somosas) http://www.dip.go.ug/materials/luganda/Bean_Samosa_Brochure_Luganda.pdf
    • "Okulembeka amazzi ag’okufukirira enmiro n’ebirala" (water harvesting) http://www.dip.go.ug/materials/luganda/water_harvesting_brochure_LUGANDA.pdf
  • Posters
    • "Amenvu gafulemu obumpwakipwanki" http://www.dip.go.ug/materials/luganda/Bananas_Chart_1_LUGANDA.pdf
    • "Wewale enjala ng’osimba ebitooke eby’embala ebirongoosemu ebigumira ebiwuka" (banana pests poster) http://www.dip.go.ug/materials/luganda/Banana_pests_poster_LUGANDA.pdf
    • "Yongera okufuna ensimbi!" (improved bananas) http://www.dip.go.ug/materials/luganda/improved_Banana_Poster_LUGANDA.pdf
    • "Simba FHIA 17" (banana uses) http://www.dip.go.ug/materials/luganda/Fhia_17_Poster_LUGANDA.pdf
• There was some material regarding agriculture available online (site is defunct; seeking more info):
  • http://www.agricinfo.or.ug/documents/materials/luganda/Luganda_Good_Practices_Manual.pdf
  • http://www.agricinfo.or.ug/documents/materials/luganda/Luganda_soil_management_manual.pdf

c) Diverse other web content

• Bukkede (a news site) http://www.bukedde.co.ug/
• Tema Modersmal http://modersmal.skolutveckling.se/luganda/
• "Slent Night" in Luganda http://silentnight.web.za/Translate/luganda.htm

7.4 Localized software / Logiciels localisés

ICT Translations Uganda released a Mozilla Web browser in Luganda, called "Kayungirizi." This has not yet been updated. (For the old webpage, see http://www.translate.or.ug/

There is a FOSS localization project called Safari-OS which includes Luganda. See http://khmeros.info/download/SafariOS.pdf

There is an orgainization that is apparently working on localizing Linux and GNU called "Kompyuta ne Yuganda." See http://www.kizito.uklinux.net/

7.5 Language codes / Codes de langue

Luganda / Ganda

• ISO 639-1: lg
• ISO 639-2: lug
• ISO 639-3: lug

Gwere

• ISO 639-3: gwr

Kenyi

• ISO 639-3: lke

Ruli

• ISO 639-3: ruc

Soga

• ISO 639-3: xog

7.6 Locales / Paramètres régionaux

7.7 Other / Autre

• Online Luganda Dictionary http://www.gandaancestry.com/dictionary/dictionary.php
• Frases en Luganda http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/Lenguas/luganda/frases.htm
• Number System of Ganda http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ganda.html

8. Localisation resources / Ressources pour localisation

8.1 Individuals (experts) / Individuelles (experts)

James Lunghabo Wire

8.2 Institutions / Institutions

• ICT Translations Uganda http://www.translate.or.ug (site not working)
• Kompyuta ne Yuganda http://www.kizito.uklinux.net/

8.3 On the internet / Sur la toile

• Luganda Scientific Terminologies Research http://www.luganda.com/ (site does not seem to have been updated recently)

9. Comments / Remarques

Given the importance of this language in Uganda, it is a logical priority for localisation, and is already the object of software translation efforts and some content development.

Are localisations for Ganda useful for other closely related languages? Has the issue of interintelligibility been pursued since the CASAS/IDRC research?

10. References / Références

Chanard, Christian (2006), Systèmes alphabétiques des langues africaines, LLACAN, CNRS, http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono/

Dwyer, David (1997), Webbook of African Languages, http://www.isp.msu.edu/AfrLang/hiermenu.html (page on "Ganda (oluGanda)," http://www.isp.msu.edu/AfrLang/ganda_root.htm )

Hartell, Rhonda L., ed. (1993), The Alphabets of Africa. Dakar: UNESCO and SIL. (The French edition, published the same year, is entitled Alphabets de Langues Africaines).

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society (CASAS) (n.d.), "Report of the Evaluation of the Democratization of ICT Content for Africa Pilot Project" http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/10373084350EvalDemoContentAfrica.pdf

SIL International, Ethnologue: Languages of the World, "Ganda," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lug

______, "Gwere," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gwr

______, "Kenyi," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lke

______, "Ruli," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ruc

______, "Soga," http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=xog

SIL International, "ISO 639 Code Tables," http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp

U.S. Library of Congress, "ISO 639.2: Codes for the Representation of Names of Languages: Alpha-3 codes arranged alphabetically by the English name of language," http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/English_list.php

Wikipedia, "Luganda language," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luganda_language

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